OpenSSL – ASN1 BIO Memory Corruption
Incorrect integer conversions in OpenSSL can result in memory corruption. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- CVE-2012-2110 This advisory is intended for system administrators and developers exposing OpenSSL in production systems to untrusted data. asn1_d2i_read_bio in OpenSSL contains multiple integer errors that can cause memory corruption when parsing encoded ASN.1 data. This error can be exploited on systems that parse untrusted data, such as X.509 certificates or RSA public keys. The following context structure from asn1.h is used to record the current state of the decoder: typedef struct asn1_const_ctx_st { const unsigned char *p;/* work char pointer */ int eos; /* end of sequence read for indefinite encoding */ int error; /* error code to use when returning an error */ int inf; /* constructed if 0x20, indefinite is 0x21 */ int tag; /* tag from last 'get object' */ int xclass; /* class from last 'get object' */ long slen; /* length of last 'get object' */ const unsigned char *max; /* largest value of p allowed */ const unsigned char *q;/* temporary variable */ const unsigned char **pp;/* variable */ int line; /* used in error processing */ } ASN1_const_CTX; These members are populated via calls to ASN1_get_object and asn1_get_length which have the following prototypes int ASN1_get_object(const unsigned char **pp, long *plength, int *ptag, int *pclass, long omax); int asn1_get_length(const unsigned char **pp, int *inf, long *rl, int max); The lengths are always stored as signed longs, however, asn1_d2i_read_bio casts ASN1_const_CTX->slen to a signed int in multiple locations. This truncation can result in numerous conversion problems. The most visible example on x64 is this cast incorrectly interpreting the result of asn1_get_length. 222 /* suck in c.slen bytes of data */ 223 want=(int)c.slen; A simple way to demonstrate this is to prepare a DER certificate that contains a length with the 31st bit set, like so $ dumpasn1 testcase.crt 0 NDEF: [PRIVATE 3] { 2 2147483648: [1] ... } Breakpoint 2, asn1_d2i_read_bio (in=0x9173a0, pb=0x7fffffffd8f0) at a_d2i_fp.c:224 224 if (want > (len-off)) (gdb) list 219 } 220 else 221 { 222 /* suck in c.slen bytes of data */ 223 want=(int)c.slen; 224 if (want > (len-off)) 225 { 226 want-=(len-off); 227 if (!BUF_MEM_grow_clean(b,len+want)) 228 { (gdb) p c.slen $18 = 2147483648 (gdb) p want $19 = -2147483648 This results in an inconsistent state, and will lead to memory corruption. -------------------- Affected Software ------------------------ All versions of OpenSSL on all platforms up to and including version 1.0.1 are affected. Some attack vectors require an I32LP64 architecture, others do not. -------------------- Consequences ----------------------- In order to explore the subtle problems caused by this, an unrelated bug in the OpenSSL allocator wrappers must be discussed. It is generally expected that the realloc standard library routine should support reducing the size of a buffer, as well as increasing it. As ISO C99 states "The realloc function deallocates the old object pointed to by ptr and returns a pointer to a new object that has the size specified by size. The contents of the new object shall be the same as that of the old object prior to deallocation, up to the lesser of the new and old sizes." However, the wrapper routines from OpenSSL do not support shrinking a buffer, due to this code: void *CRYPTO_realloc_clean(void *str, int old_len, int num, const char *file, int line) { /* ... */ ret=malloc_ex_func(num,file,line); if(ret) { memcpy(ret,str,old_len); OPENSSL_cleanse(str,old_len); free_func(str); } /* ... */ return ret; } The old data is always copied over, regardless of whether the new size will be enough. This allows us to turn this truncation into what is effectively: memcpy(heap_buffer, <attacker controlled buffer>, <attacker controlled size>); We can reach this code by simply causing an integer to be sign extended and truncated multiple times. These two protoypes are relevant: int BUF_MEM_grow_clean(BUF_MEM *str, size_t len); void *CRYPTO_realloc_clean(void *str, int old_len, int num, const char *file, int line); BUF_MEM_grow_clean accepts a size_t, but the subroutine it uses to handle the allocation only accepts a 32bit signed integer. We can exploit this by providing a large amount of data to OpenSSL, and causing the length calculation here to become negative: /* suck in c.slen bytes of data */ want=(int)c.slen; if (want > (len-off)) { want-=(len-off); if (!BUF_MEM_grow_clean(b,len+want)) { ASN1err(ASN1_F_ASN1_D2I_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); goto err; } Because want is a signed int, the sign extension to size_t for BUF_MEM_grow_clean means an unexpectedly size_t is produced. An example is probably helpful: (gdb) bt #0 asn1_d2i_read_bio (in=0x9173a0, pb=0x7fffffffd8f0) at a_d2i_fp.c:223 #1 0x0000000000524ce8 in ASN1_item_d2i_bio (it=0x62d740, in=0x9173a0, x=0x0) at a_d2i_fp.c:112 #2 0x000000000054c132 in d2i_X509_bio (bp=0x9173a0, x509=0x0) at x_all.c:150 #3 0x000000000043b7a7 in load_cert (err=0x8a1010, file=0x0, format=1, pass=0x0, e=0x0, cert_descrip=0x5ebcc0 "Certificate") at apps.c:819 #4 0x0000000000422422 in x509_main (argc=0, argv=0x7fffffffe458) at x509.c:662 #5 0x00000000004032d9 in do_cmd (prog=0x9123e0, argc=3, argv=0x7fffffffe440) at openssl.c:489 #6 0x0000000000402ee6 in main (Argc=3, Argv=0x7fffffffe440) at openssl.c:381 (gdb) list 218 want=HEADER_SIZE; 219 } 220 else 221 { 222 /* suck in c.slen bytes of data */ 223 want=(int)c.slen; 224 if (want > (len-off)) 225 { 226 want-=(len-off); 227 if (!BUF_MEM_grow_clean(b,len+want)) (gdb) pt len type = int (gdb) pt want type = int (gdb) p len $28 = 1431655797 (gdb) p want $29 = 2147483646 (gdb) p len+want $30 = -715827853 (gdb) s BUF_MEM_grow_clean (str=0x917440, len=18446744072993723763) at buffer.c:133 (gdb) p/x len $31 = 0xffffffffd5555573 Here len+want wraps to a negative value, which is sign extended to a large size_t for BUF_MEM_grow_clean. Now the call to CRYPTO_realloc_clean() truncates this back into a signed int: CRYPTO_realloc_clean (str=0x7fff85be4010, old_len=1908874388, num=477218632, file=0x626661 "buffer.c", line=149) at mem.c:369 Now old_len > num, which openssl does not handle, resulting in this: ret = malloc_ex_func(num, file, line); memcpy(ret, str, old_len); Effectively a textbook heap overflow. It is likely this code is reachable via the majority of the d2i BIO interfaces and their wrappers, so most applications that handle untrusted data via OpenSSL should take action. Note that even if you do not use d2i_* calls directly, many of the higher level APIs will use it indirectly for you. Producing DER data to demonstrate this is relatively easy for both x86 and x64 architectures. ------------------- Solution ----------------------- The OpenSSL project has provided an updated version to resolve this issue. http://www.openssl.org/ http://www.openssl.org/news/secadv_20120419.txt ------------------- Credit ----------------------- This bug was discovered by Tavis Ormandy, Google Security Team. Additional thanks to Adam Langley also of Google for analysis and designing a fix. -- ------------------------------------- taviso at cmpxchg8b.com | pgp encrypted mail preferred ------------------------------------------------------- |